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Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his allies were heading for victory in the country's general election count on Tuesday, but with a reduced parliamentary majority as the opposition surpassed expectations.
Commentators and exit polls had long projected an overwhelming victory for Modi, whose campaign wooed the Hindu majority to the worry of the country's 200-million-plus Muslim community, deepening concerns for minority rights.
But for the first time in a decade Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) would fail to secure an overall majority of its own, figures from the election commission projected, meaning it would need to rely on its alliance partners, AFP reported.
The main opposition Congress party was set to nearly double its parliamentary seats, in a remarkable turnaround largely driven by deals to field single candidates against the BJP's electoral juggernaut.
With three-quarters of the votes counted, the BJP's vote share at 38.1 per cent was marginally higher than the last polls in 2019.
The election commission figures showed the BJP and its allies leading in at least 298 seats out of a total of 543, enough for a parliamentary majority.
But the BJP itself was only leading in 242, well down on the 303 it won five years ago, while the Congress was ahead in 99, up from 52. Together with its allies under the “INDIA” grouping, Congress was leading in 226 seats, up from just 94 in the previous general elections.
Celebrations had already begun at the headquarters of Modi's BJP before the full announcement of results.
But the mood at the Congress headquarters in New Delhi was also one of jubilation.
"BJP has failed to win a big majority on its own," Congress lawmaker Rajeev Shukla told reporters. "It's a moral defeat for them."
Stocks slumped on speculation the reduced majority would hamper the BJP's ability to push through reforms.
Shares in the main listed unit of Adani Enterprises -- owned by key Modi ally Gautam Adani -- dropped 25 per cent, before recovering.
Modi's opponents have struggled to counter the BJP's well-oiled and well-funded campaign juggernaut, and have been hamstrung by what they say are politically motivated criminal cases aimed at hobbling challengers.
US think tank Freedom House said this year that the BJP had "increasingly used government institutions to target political opponents".
Arvind Kejriwal, chief minister of the capital Delhi and a key leader in an alliance formed to compete against Modi, returned to jail on Sunday.
Kejriwal, 55, was detained in March over a long-running corruption probe, but was later released and allowed to campaign as long as he returned to custody once voting ended.
"When power becomes dictatorship, then jail becomes a responsibility," Kejriwal said before surrendering himself, vowing to continue "fighting" from behind bars.
Many of India's Muslim minority are increasingly uneasy about their futures and their community's place in the constitutionally secular country.
Modi himself made several strident comments about Muslims on the campaign trail, referring to them as "infiltrators".
The polls were staggering in their size and logistical complexity, with 642 million voters casting their ballots -- ranging from megacities New Delhi and Mumbai, as well as in sparsely populated forest areas and the high-altitude Himalayas.
"People should know about the strength of Indian democracy," chief election commissioner Rajiv Kumar said Monday, calling the counting process "robust".
Based on the commission's figure of an electorate of 968 million, turnout came to 66.3 per cent, down roughly one percentage point from 67.4 per cent in the last polls in 2019.
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