The Arctic recently made headlines after Donald Trump repeated his desire to buy Greenland. Trump cited national security interests, but for many the territory's vast mineral wealth is the main attraction. Yet economic development elsewhere in the vast polar region has ground to a halt.
Working conditions in the Arctic Ocean are extremely challenging at this time of the year. The sun last rose at the end of October, and it is not due to appear in the sky again until the middle of February.
In addition to the endless dark, temperatures can plummet below minus 40 degrees Celsius, and storms can bring vast waves.
A play on words with gold rush, it began in earnest around 2008 when a series of reports identified vast mineral and hydrocarbon reserves across the Arctic region. Reserves that, together with large fishing stocks, could continue to become more accessible as climate change reduces ice levels.
This reduction in ice has also increasingly opened up Arctic sea routes, north of the Canadian mainland and Russia.
So much so that, in the decade from 2013 to 2023, the total recorded annual distances sailed by ships in the Arctic Sea more than doubled from 6.1 million to 12.9 million miles.
The hope in the longer term is that cargo ships can travel from Asia to Europe and the east coast of the US, through Arctic waters above Canada and Russia.
Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 much of the planned economic development of the Arctic region ground to a halt as relations between Russia and the West deteriorated.
"Russia had great plans in the Arctic," says Morten Mejlaender-Larsen, Arctic operation and technology director from Norwegian firm DNV. His company sets rules and standards for the maritime sector.
"They began constructing regional rescue centres complete with ships and helicopters to facilitate both destination shipping for gas, oil and coal projects in Siberia, as well as for shipping along the Northeast Passage [north of Russia].
"[But] since the invasion of Ukraine, international shipping in the Northeast passage has all but stopped, apart from a few Chinese ships," observes Mr Mejlaender-Larsen.
He adds that Norway has also halted oil and gas exploration in the region. "It's completely stopped," he says.
"We don't expect to see any further developments in the Barents Sea north of Bear Island." This small Norwegian island is some 400km (250 miles) north of Norway's mainland.
Norway's scaled back ambitions in the Arctic have pleased environmentalists who have consistently warned about the impact of drilling for hydrocarbons on both wildlife and the fragile environment of the polar region.
Last month Greenpeace welcomed the decision of the Norwegian government to stop the first round of licencing for deep sea mining in Arctic waters between Norway's Svalbard and Jan Mayen islands.
Commentators say that while poor relation with Russia is a key reason why Norway is wary of ploughing money into Arctic projects, its interest in the polar region had already cooled.
Helene Tofte, director of international cooperation and climate at the Norwegian Shipowners Association, says that in hindsight the outlook for shipping in the Arctic had been "exaggerated".
She points out that despite the impact of climate change, the Arctic remains a difficult place in which to operate. "Conditions in the Arctic can be extremely challenging, even when the absence of sea ice allows passage," she says.
"Large parts of the route are far from emergency response capacities, such as search and rescue, and environmental clean-up resources.
"Increased shipping in this area would require substantial investments in ships, emergency preparedness, infrastructure, and weather forecasting systems, for a route that is unpredictable and has a short operational season. At present, we have no indication that our members view this as commercially interesting."
Mr Mejlaender-Larsen points to a "belief that thanks to global warming there'll be summers up there. That'll never happen. If it's minus 40 degrees Celsius and it gets 3 degrees Celsius warmer, it's still not warm."
Moreover, Prof Arild Moe, from Norwegian research group Fridtjof Nansen Institute, says the entire cold rush of the Arctic was based on exaggerated assumptions. "The exuberance was excessive," says the expert on oil and gas exploration in the region.
"What the reports from 2008 referred to weren't actual reserves, but potential and highly uncertain resources, which would be risky, expensive, and difficult to locate and exploit."
Regarding Trump's renewed interest in Greenland, an autonomous Danish territory, authorities in Greenland and Denmark were again quick to reply that it was not for sale.
Prof Moe says that Trump's "crude and undiplomatic statement" shows that the US under Trump eyes both security and economic interests in the island, including its "rich mineral resources".
The Danish government also responded by announcing a huge increase in defence spending for Greenland.
Elsewhere in the Arctic, Trump is expected to allow increased oil and gas exploration in Alaska, specifically in the resource rich Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
This 19 million acre expanse is the US's largest wildlife refuge, and back in 2020 Trump authorised drilling in one section of it.
Source: BBC
Bd-pratidin English/Fariha Nowshin Chinika
